sábado, 14 de abril de 2007

Términos utilizados en la práctica del estilo Shotokan

Jerarquía en el Dojo

KOHAI: Es un título relativo, (PRO cuanto un kohai es un estudiante que está por detrás nuestro en la fila). Que se aplica generalmente a los kyus utilizándolo en tercera persona, (Los kohais de cinta amarillo están realizando katas), pues se consideraría descortés utilizarlo para dirigirse a alguien directamente.

SEMPAI: En su versión relativa este título es aplicable al grado más alto de entre los grados kyu. En su versión absoluta se refiere específicamente a los grados Shodan y Nidan, aunque hay que considerar que en sistemas donde los títulos no son automáticos si no otorgados, un sandan o yondan podría seguir ser denominado sempai en tanto no se le otorgase específicamente el titulo de SENSEI.

SENSEI: Literalmente significa profesor y en la mayoría de las organizaciones se utiliza automáticamente para los 3er y 4to Dan. En cambio en algunas organizaciones es un titulo otorgado y no automático. Sin embargo no hay que olvidar que "Sensei" es un termino general aplicable en Japonés a todo profesor (El profesor de pintura de una escuela sería llamado por sus alumnos Sensei). Por tanto, un shodan o un nidan pueden ser llamados sensei por sus alumnos si son el instructor de un dojo, aunque fuera de su dojo en un entreno general, recibirían el trato de SEMPAI.

SHIHAN: Significa "Experto o Adelantado". Se aplica a los 5° y 6° Dan, de manera automática, aunque en algunas organizaciones solo se utiliza este titulo para nombrar a los branch chiefs, por lo tanto en este caso, un 5° o 6° Dan se les denomina SHIHAN-DAI.

HANSHI: Significa "Amo" y se refiere a los 7° y 8° Dan, aunque en la mayoría de los casos no es un titulo automático si no otorgado.

KANSHO: Significa "Director". Es el título que llevó Mas Oyama inicialmente y que en la actualidad utilizan Akiyoshi Matsui en la ICKO y Chiyako Oyama en la IKO.

SOSAI: Significa "Presidente Fundador" y fue adoptado por Mas Oyama en 1985, cuando él asumió funciones administrativas adicionales dentro de la IKO.

Otros Títulos
KOMON DE SAIKO: Significa "El consejero mas alto de los medios". Es el título que utilizan H. ROYAMA y GODA en su calidad de principales consejeros de KANCHO MATSUI.
SAIKO SHIHAN: Significa "Jefe de Shihanes" y era el título dado a SHIGERU OYAMA mientras estaba en la IKO.
SHOSEKI SHIHAN: "El mas alto de los shihanes" y es similar a SAIKO SHIHAN.


Términos y voces utilizadas
Chacugan: mirada
Tachi o dachi: posición
Dan: grados posteriores al cinturón negro.
Dojo: gimnasio, lugar donde se practica el Karate.
Hidari: lado izquierdo
Kamae o gamae: actitud defensiva o de guardia.
Karate-do: camino o vía de la mano vacía.
Kata: conjunto de técnicas combinadas en un orden determinado.
Ki: espíritu demostrado con la perfecta conjunción psicofísica.
Kiai: grito, manifestación sonora del Kime.
Kihon: técnicas de karate.
Kime: unión de la fuerza física y concentración mental, manifestada como fuerza/potencia.
Ko waza: técnicas de corto recorrido.
Kokyu: respiración.
Kumite: combate, en el cual se ponen en práctica los conocimientos adquiridos.
Kyu: grados anteriores al cinturón negro.
Maai: distancia con el oponente.
Mawatte: giro, realizando la parada baja.
Mawashi: movimiento circular.
Migi: lado derecho
Naore: fin de una serie de ejercicios, volver a la posición inicial.
Nogare: respiración diafragmática sin contracción y sin ruido.
O waza: técnicas de largo recorrido.
Rei: saludo de cortesía hacia el profesor, compañeros, etc.
Renzoku waza: Combinación de técnicas.
Seiza: sentarse de rodillas.
Shitei Kata, waza: Katas o técnicas obligatorias.
Shitei : obligatorio.
Tatami: superficie sobre la cual se entrena.
Tate: ponerse en pie.
Tokui: preferido, libre elección.
Tokui Kata: Kata preferido o de libre elección.
Tokui waza: técnica preferida o de libre elección.
Ukemi: caída
Waza: técnicas de Karate.
Yasume: descanso
Yoi: preparados, atentos, listos.
Zanshin: terminación correcta de una acción con armonía psicofísica.


Direcciones
Mae: frontal.
Ushiro: atrás.
Yoko: lateral.
Migi: derecha.
Hidari: izquierda.


División del Cuerpo Humano
Chudan: zona media, pecho y abdomen.
Gedan: zona inferior, bajo abdomen.
Jodan: zona alta, cabeza.


Defensas con el Antebrazo y/o Muñeca
Age uke: parada alta, que se realiza frente a un golpe a la cara.
Gedan barai: parada baja, que se realiza frente a un golpe o patada al abdomen.
Gedan kake uke: parada baja en garfio.
Soto uke: parada interior, que se realiza frente a un golpe al pecho.
Uchi uke: parada exterior, que se realiza frente a un golpe al pecho.
Uchi uke: parada penetrante de antebrazo.
Maeude hineri uke: parada rotativa con el antebrazo.
Maeude deai-osae uke: parada de antebrazo interceptando.
Kakuto uke: parada con la muñeca doblada.


Defensas con el Canto de la Mano
Shuto Uke: parada con el canto de la mano.
Shuto Barai uke: parada con el canto de la mano ascendente en diagonal.
Tate Shuto uke: parada con el canto de la mano vertical.
Kake Shuto uke: parada en garfio con el borde de la mano.


Defensas con la Palma y/o Dorso de la Mano
Teisho uke: parada con la base de la palma.
Seiryuto uke: parada con el borde inferior de la palma.
Sho sukui uke: parada parabólica con la palma.
Keito uke: parada con la palma vertical.
Haishu uke: parada con el dorso de la mano.
Tekubi kake uke: parada envolvente con el dorso de la mano.


Defensas Dobles
Morote uke: parada reforzada.
Juji uke: parada cruzada.
Teisho awase uke: parada con la base de las palmas.
Kakiwake uke: parada doble separando.
Ryosho tsukami uke: parada agarrando con ambas manos.
Sokumen awase uke: parada lateral con ambas manos.


Defensas Deslizantes
Haiwan nagashi uke: parada deslizante de antebrazo.
Te nagashi uke: parada deslizante con la palma de la mano en vertical.
Te osae uke: parada deslizante con la palma de la mano en horizontal.


Defensas con la pierna
Ashikubi kake uke: parada en garfio con el tobillo.
Sokubo kake uke: parada en garfio con la pierna.
Sokutei mawashi uke: parada circular con la planta del pie.
Sokutei osae uke: parada interceptando con la planta del pie.
Sokuto osae uke: parada interceptando con el canto del pie.


Técnicas con un Solo Puño
Gyaku Zuki: golpe de puño con el brazo atrasado.
Kagi Zuki: golpe de puño directo de corta distancia.
Mawashi Zuki: golpe circular de puño.
Oi Zuki: golpe de puño con el brazo adelantado.
Tate Zuki: golpe directo con el puño vertical.
Tsuki o Zuki: golpe directo de puño.
Ura Zuki: golpe directo de ascendente en gancho.


Técnicas con los Dos Puños Simultáneos
Awase Zuki: golpe doble de puños paralelos en vertical.
Hasami Zuki: directo en tijera.
Morote Zuki: golpe doble de puños paralelos en horizontal.
Yama Zuki: golpe doble de puños en forma de “U” vertical.


Otras Formas de Golpe de Puño
Ippon ken: puño de un solo nudillo.
Nakadaka ken: puño del nudillo medio.
Hiraken: puño de los nudillos medios.


Con el Dorso del Puño
Tate uraken uchi: golpe vertical con el dorso del puño.
Yoko uraken uchi: golpe lateral con el dorso del puño.


Con la Base de la Mano
Otoshi tettsui uchi: golpe descendente con la base del puño.
Teisho uchi: golpe con la base de la palma.
Yoko tettsui uchi: golpe lateral con la base del puño.
Soto mawashi tettsui uchi: golpe exterior y circular con la base del puño.


Con el Codo
Age empi uchi: golpe ascendente de codo.
Mae empi uchi: golpe frontal de codo.
Mawashi empi uchi: golpe circular de codo.
Otoshi empi uchi: golpe de codo descendente.
Ushiro empi uchi: golpe de codo hacia atrás.
Yoko empi uchi: golpe lateral de codo.


Con el Canto de la Mano Abierta
Soto Haito uchi: golpe interior con el canto interno o radial de la mano.
Soto mawashi Shuto uchi: golpe circular interior con el canto de la mano.
Ura Haito uchi: golpe exterior con el canto interno o radial de la mano.


Otras formas de mano abierta
Waside uchi: golpe con los dedos unidos en forma de pico de ave.
Hiraken uchi: golpe de nudillos delanteros.
Keyto uchi: golpe con la palma vertical.
Seiryuto uchi: golpe con el borde inferior de la palma.
Kumade: mano de garra.


Técnicas de pierna
Formas de realización de las técnicas de pierna
Keage: patada ascendente.
Kekomi: patada penetrante.
Keri o geri. técnica de pierna.


Con trayectoria directa
Mae ashi geri o Kizami mae geri: patada frontal con el pie adelantado.
Mae geri: patada frontal.
Ushiro geri: patada hacia atrás.
Hiza geri: golpe con la rodilla.


Con trayectoria semicircular
Mikazuki geri: patada semicircular con la planta del pie y talón.
Hiza geri: golpe con la rodilla.


Con trayectoria circular
Mawashi geri: patada circular.
Ura mawashi geri: patada circular inversa, en forma de gancho.


Con trayectoria lateral
Yoko geri: patada lateral.
Fumikomi: patada aplastante con la planta del pie.
Fumikiri: patada cortante con el canto del pie.


Con trayectoria descendente
Kakato geri: patada con el talón.


Con giro previo por la espalda
Kaiten ura mawashi geri: patada circular con giro por la espalda.
Kaiten ushiro geri: patada directa con el talón del pie adelantado, con giro por la espalda.
Kaiten ushiro mawashi geri: patada circular con el talón del pie adelantado, con giro por la espalda.
Ushiro mawashi geri: patada circular con el pie atrasado, con giro por la espalda.


Patada en salto
Tobi geri: patada en salto.


Posiciones De saludo
Heisoku dachi: Pies juntos
Musubi dachi: talones juntos y pies separados.


Con centro de gravedad alto
Hanmi dachi: posición de costado.
Heikô dachi: Pies paralelos con la anchura de la cadera.
Nekoashi dachi: posición del gato.
Renoji dachi: pies en /L/.
Shizen tai: posición natural.
Teiji dachi: pies en /T/.
Tsuru ashi dachi: posición sobre una sola pierna.


Con centro de gravedad medio
Hangetsu dachi: posición de la media luna.
Sanchin dachi: posición cerrada.


Con centro de gravedad bajo
Kiba dachi: posición del jinete.
Shiko dachi: posición del jinete con pies a 45º.
Kokutsu dachi: posición atrasada.
Kosa dachi: posición cruzada.
Fudo dachi: Posición sólida.
Sochin dachi:: Posición sólida con pies cerrados al interior.
Zenkutsu dachi: posición adelantada.


Tipos de desplazamientos
Kae ashi: una pierna avanza o retrocede un paso completo con respecto a la otra.
Tai sabaki: esquiva del cuerpo frente a un ataque, etc.
Tobi: salto.
Tsugi ashi: desplazarse deslizando los pies alternativamente.
Unsoku: deslizamiento fluido de los pies.
Yori ashi: desplazarse deslizando simultáneamente ambos pies.


Posiciones de la cadera
Gyaku hanmi: cadera inversa.
Hanmi: cadera de lado.
Shômen: cadera de frente.


Giros de la cadera
Gyaku kaiten: giro de la cadera en la dirección opuesta a la técnica ejecutada.
Jun kaiten: giro de cadera en la misma dirección de la técnica ejecutada.


Tipos de Kumite
Kihon-kumite: combate preestablecido.
Ippon-kumite: Combate de estudio a un solo ataque.
Sanbon-kumite: Combate de estudio a tres ataques.
Gohon-kumite: Combate de estudio a cinco ataques.
Yakusoku-kumite: combate preparado.


Combate libre
Jiyu kumite: combate libre y flexible sin puntuación.
Shiai kumite: combate de competición reglamentado.


Formas de saludo
Sempai ni rei: saludo al alumno de mayor antigüedad y experiencia.
Sensei ni rei: saludo al maestro.
Shihan ni rei: saludo al fundador del estilo de karate.
Shomen ni rei: saludo al lugar de honor en el Dojo donde se sitúa la foto del fundador del estilo.
Otagai ni rei: saludo mutuo.


Voces utilizadas en el saludo y formaciones
Seiza: sentarse de rodillas.
Mokuto: Periodo de concentración, estado de calma y apaciguamiento psicofísico.
Tate o Kiritsu: ponerse en pie.


Partes de la mano
Empi o hiji: codo.
Haishu: dorso de la mano.
Haito: canto interno o radial de la mano.
Hiraken: puño de los nudillos medios.
Ippon ken: puño de un solo nudillo.
Kakuto: muñeca doblada.
Keito: palma vertical.
Kentos: nudillos
Kumade: mano de garra.
Nakadaka ken: puño del nudillo medio.
Nukite: punta de los dedos de la mano.
Seiken: puño frontal.
Seiryuto: borde inferior de la palma.
Shuto: canto externo o cubital de la mano.
Teishô: base palmar de la mano.
Tettsui: puño de martillo.(parte cubital del puño cerrado).
Ude: antebrazo(muñeca).
Uraken: dorso del puño.


Partes del pie y pierna
Haisoku: empeine.
Hiza o hizagashira: rodilla.
Kakato: talón del pie.
Koshi: base de los dedos del pie, metatarso.
Sokuto: borde externo del pie.
Teisoku o sokutei: planta del pie.
Tsumasaki: dedos del pie.


Tipos de desequilibrio
Ashi barai: barrido a las piernas del adversario.
Kuzushi: desequilibrios.
Nage waza: técnicas de proyección.

Numeración japonesa
Ichi: 1
Ni: 2
San: 3
Shi: 4
Go: 5
Roku: 6
Shichi: 7
Hachi: 8
Ku: 9
Ju: 10


Post: Néstor

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